Table 4 Multivariable multilevel logistic regression analysis of individual and community-level factors associated with teenage pregnancy in SSA countries, DHS 2019–2022 (n = 12,829)

Age

18–19 years

2.96 (2.57, 3.44)*

2.97 (2.55, 3.46)*

15–17 years

1

1

Educational status

No formal education

2.15 (1.59, 2.91)*

2.21 (1.62, 3.03)*

Primary

1.78 (1.52, 2.08)*

1.80 (1.54, 2.12)*

Secondary and above

1

1

Marital status

Married

0.08 (0.07, 0.11)*

0.08 (0.07, 0.10)*

unmarried

1

1

Occupation

Not working

0.75 (0.65, 0.88)*

0.75 (0.64, 0.88)*

Working

1

1

Exposure to media

No

0.98 (0.83, 1.17)

0.98 (0.82, 1.18)

Yes

1

1

Wealth index

Poor

2.39 (2.00, 2.85)*

2.61 (2.12, 3.22)*

Middle

1.58 (1.28, 1.94)*

1.65 (1.33, 2.05)*

Rich

1

1

Age at first sex

Less than 16 years

0.68 (0.58, 0.80)*

0.68 (0.58, 0.80)*

16–19 years

1

1

Contraceptive use

No

0.23 (0.19, 0.27)*

0.25 (0.20, 0.30)*

Yes

1

1

Sex of the household head

Male

0.94 (0.82, 1.08)

0.95 (0.82, 1.09)

Female

1

1

Relation to household head

Head/spouse

2.13 (1.64, 2.78)*

2.09 (1.60, 2.72)*

Relative or other

0.93 (0.77, 1.12)

0.92 (0.77, 1.11)

Daughter

1

1

Knowledge of contraceptives

Knows no methods

0.27 (0.18, 0.40)*

0.27 (0.19, 0.40)*

Knows traditional/modern methods

1

1

Unmet need for contraception

Yes

14.7 (11.8, 18.2)*

14.3 (11.5, 17.8)*

No

1

1

Residence

Rural

1.32 (1.18, 1.46)*

0.92 (0.78, 1.09)

Urban

1

1

Community media exposure

Low

1.21 (1.07, 1.36)*

1.03 (0.87, 1.23)

High

1

1

Community poverty level

High

1.20 (1.07, 1.34)*

0.90 (0.75, 1.06)

Low

1

1

Community education level

Low

1.53 (1.36, 1.73)*

0.99 (0.82, 1.19)

High

1

1

Community contraceptive utilization

Low

0.57 (0.52, 0.64)*

0.85 (0.73, 0.99)*

High

1

1