Table 3 Results of logistic regression predicting contraception use
From: Spousal age differences and women’s contraceptive use in sub-Saharan Africa
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Odds ratio | T-stat | P > t | [95% conf. interval] | Odds ratio | T-stat | P > t | [95% conf. interval] | Odds Ratio | T-stat | P > t | [95% conf. interval] | |||
Spousal age difference (years) | 0.986 | -16.08 | 0.00 | 0.985 | 0.988 | 0.987 | -14.76 | 0.00 | 0.986 | 0.989 | 0.989 | -2.42 | 0.02 | 0.981 | 0.998 |
Year of marriage | |||||||||||||||
1975—1979 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
1980—1984 | 1.196 | 5.21 | 0.00 | 1.118 | 1.280 | 1.160 | 4.24 | 0.00 | 1.083 | 1.242 | 1.159 | 2.54 | 0.01 | 1.034 | 1.299 |
1985—1989 | 1.404 | 9.91 | 0.00 | 1.313 | 1.502 | 1.321 | 7.98 | 0.00 | 1.234 | 1.414 | 1.390 | 5.96 | 0.00 | 1.247 | 1.548 |
1990—1994 | 1.616 | 13.35 | 0.00 | 1.506 | 1.734 | 1.497 | 11.01 | 0.00 | 1.393 | 1.608 | 1.502 | 7.35 | 0.00 | 1.348 | 1.674 |
1995—1999 | 1.812 | 15.41 | 0.00 | 1.680 | 1.955 | 1.648 | 12.71 | 0.00 | 1.526 | 1.780 | 1.675 | 9.20 | 0.00 | 1.501 | 1.870 |
2000—2004 | 2.053 | 17.12 | 0.00 | 1.891 | 2.229 | 1.828 | 14.09 | 0.00 | 1.681 | 1.988 | 1.850 | 10.52 | 0.00 | 1.650 | 2.075 |
2005—2009 | 2.355 | 18.47 | 0.00 | 2.150 | 2.579 | 2.015 | 14.82 | 0.00 | 1.837 | 2.211 | 2.049 | 11.54 | 0.00 | 1.814 | 2.315 |
2010—2014 | 2.643 | 19.04 | 0.00 | 2.391 | 2.921 | 2.158 | 14.77 | 0.00 | 1.948 | 2.389 | 2.219 | 12.00 | 0.00 | 1.948 | 2.527 |
2014—2019 | 2.948 | 18.67 | 0.00 | 2.632 | 3.302 | 2.321 | 14.26 | 0.00 | 2.067 | 2.606 | 2.316 | 11.32 | 0.00 | 2.002 | 2.678 |
2020—2022 | 3.490 | 16.05 | 0.00 | 2.996 | 4.065 | 2.709 | 12.66 | 0.00 | 2.321 | 3.161 | 2.684 | 9.57 | 0.00 | 2.193 | 3.286 |
Interaction of spousal age difference and year of marriage | |||||||||||||||
1975—1979 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | ||||||||||
1980—1984 | 1.000 | 0.02 | 0.98 | 0.989 | 1.011 | ||||||||||
1985—1989 | 0.994 | -1.260 | 0.209 | 0.984 | 1.004 | ||||||||||
1990—1994 | 1.000 | -0.080 | 0.937 | 0.990 | 1.009 | ||||||||||
1995—1999 | 0.998 | -0.42 | 0.67 | 0.989 | 1.007 | ||||||||||
2000—2004 | 0.999 | -0.31 | 0.76 | 0.989 | 1.008 | ||||||||||
2005—2009 | 0.998 | -0.43 | 0.67 | 0.988 | 1.007 | ||||||||||
2010—2014 | 0.996 | -0.740 | 0.461 | 0.986 | 1.006 | ||||||||||
2014—2019 | 1.001 | 0.11 | 0.91 | 0.989 | 1.012 | ||||||||||
2020—2022 | 1.002 | 0.21 | 0.83 | 0.982 | 1.022 | ||||||||||
Person who usually decides on respondent’s health care | |||||||||||||||
Respondent alone | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | |||||
Respondent and husband/someone else | 1.040 | 2.75 | 0.01 | 1.011 | 1.070 | 1.040 | 2.750 | 0.006 | 1.011 | 1.070 | |||||
Husband alone | 0.867 | -9.52 | 0.00 | 0.842 | 0.893 | 0.867 | -9.52 | 0.00 | 0.842 | 0.893 | |||||
Someone else/other | 0.729 | -6.47 | 0.00 | 0.663 | 0.803 | 0.730 | -6.47 | 0.00 | 0.663 | 0.803 | |||||
Education | |||||||||||||||
No education | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | |||||
Primary education | 1.615 | 34.26 | 0.00 | 1.571 | 1.659 | 1.615 | 34.25 | 0.00 | 1.571 | 1.660 | |||||
Secondary education | 2.151 | 42.82 | 0.00 | 2.076 | 2.227 | 2.151 | 42.83 | 0.00 | 2.077 | 2.227 | |||||
Tertiary education | 2.292 | 25.77 | 0.00 | 2.152 | 2.441 | 2.292 | 25.77 | 0.00 | 2.152 | 2.441 | |||||
Work status | |||||||||||||||
Not working | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
Works for family member | 1.067 | 3.18 | 0.00 | 1.025 | 1.111 | 1.055 | 2.59 | 0.01 | 1.013 | 1.098 | 1.055 | 2.59 | 0.01 | 1.013 | 1.098 |
Works for someone else | 1.494 | 20.68 | 0.00 | 1.438 | 1.552 | 1.377 | 16.02 | 0.00 | 1.324 | 1.432 | 1.377 | 16.03 | 0.00 | 1.325 | 1.432 |
Self-employed | 1.232 | 16.13 | 0.00 | 1.201 | 1.264 | 1.202 | 14.10 | 0.00 | 1.172 | 1.233 | 1.202 | 14.10 | 0.00 | 1.172 | 1.233 |
Age | |||||||||||||||
15–19 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
20–24 | 1.088 | 3.43 | 0.00 | 1.037 | 1.141 | 1.043 | 1.71 | 0.09 | 0.994 | 1.095 | 1.044 | 1.720 | 0.085 | 0.994 | 1.096 |
25–29 | 1.030 | 1.16 | 0.25 | 0.980 | 1.084 | 0.958 | -1.65 | 0.10 | 0.910 | 1.008 | 0.958 | -1.63 | 0.10 | 0.911 | 1.009 |
30–34 | 0.964 | -1.29 | 0.20 | 0.913 | 1.019 | 0.873 | -4.72 | 0.00 | 0.826 | 0.924 | 0.874 | -4.70 | 0.00 | 0.826 | 0.924 |
35–39 | 0.843 | -5.44 | 0.00 | 0.793 | 0.897 | 0.744 | -9.23 | 0.00 | 0.698 | 0.792 | 0.744 | -9.22 | 0.00 | 0.699 | 0.792 |
40–44 | 0.665 | -11.56 | 0.00 | 0.620 | 0.712 | 0.573 | -15.42 | 0.00 | 0.534 | 0.615 | 0.573 | -15.42 | 0.00 | 0.534 | 0.615 |
45–49 | 0.371 | -24.49 | 0.00 | 0.343 | 0.402 | 0.315 | -27.84 | 0.00 | 0.290 | 0.341 | 0.315 | -27.85 | 0.00 | 0.290 | 0.341 |
Religion | |||||||||||||||
Christian | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
Moslem | 0.681 | -19.90 | 0.00 | 0.656 | 0.708 | 0.729 | -16.30 | 0.00 | 0.702 | 0.757 | 0.729 | -16.290 | 0.000 | 0.702 | 0.757 |
Traditional | 0.441 | -17.77 | 0.00 | 0.402 | 0.482 | 0.507 | -14.92 | 0.00 | 0.464 | 0.555 | 0.507 | -14.92 | 0.00 | 0.464 | 0.555 |
Other/ No religion | 0.752 | -8.79 | 0.00 | 0.705 | 0.801 | 0.808 | -6.48 | 0.00 | 0.757 | 0.862 | 0.808 | -6.470 | 0.000 | 0.757 | 0.862 |
Religion not available | 0.645 | -10.47 | 0.00 | 0.594 | 0.700 | 0.655 | -9.99 | 0.00 | 0.603 | 0.712 | 0.655 | -9.98 | 0.00 | 0.603 | 0.712 |
Fertility preferences | |||||||||||||||
Both partners want no more | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
Only wife wants no more | 0.834 | -9.11 | 0.00 | 0.802 | 0.867 | 0.838 | -8.76 | 0.00 | 0.806 | 0.872 | 0.838 | -8.750 | 0.000 | 0.806 | 0.872 |
Both want more | 0.578 | -35.40 | 0.00 | 0.561 | 0.596 | 0.591 | -33.64 | 0.00 | 0.573 | 0.609 | 0.591 | -33.63 | 0.00 | 0.573 | 0.609 |
Husband desires unknown | 0.504 | -39.89 | 0.00 | 0.487 | 0.521 | 0.524 | -37.37 | 0.00 | 0.506 | 0.542 | 0.524 | -37.36 | 0.00 | 0.506 | 0.542 |
Other | 0.938 | -3.39 | 0.00 | 0.903 | 0.973 | 0.957 | -2.31 | 0.02 | 0.921 | 0.993 | 0.957 | -2.31 | 0.02 | 0.921 | 0.993 |
Number of children alive | 1.092 | 23.33 | 0.00 | 1.084 | 1.100 | 1.109 | 26.97 | 0.00 | 1.101 | 1.118 | 1.109 | 26.97 | 0.00 | 1.101 | 1.118 |
Births in the past year | |||||||||||||||
No births in the past year | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
At least one birth in the past year | 0.361 | -83.69 | 0.00 | 0.353 | 0.370 | 0.358 | -83.89 | 0.00 | 0.349 | 0.366 | 0.358 | -83.92 | 0.00 | 0.349 | 0.366 |
Sex composition of children alive | |||||||||||||||
No child | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
Girls only | 7.891 | 51.87 | 0.00 | 7.298 | 8.531 | 7.861 | 51.61 | 0.00 | 7.268 | 8.501 | 7.859 | 51.59 | 0.00 | 7.267 | 8.500 |
Boys only | 8.115 | 52.71 | 0.00 | 7.507 | 8.772 | 8.055 | 52.39 | 0.00 | 7.450 | 8.709 | 8.053 | 52.37 | 0.00 | 7.449 | 8.707 |
Both boys and girls | 9.691 | 55.67 | 0.00 | 8.946 | 10.498 | 9.660 | 55.42 | 0.00 | 8.915 | 10.466 | 9.658 | 55.39 | 0.00 | 8.913 | 10.465 |
Heard about family planning recently | |||||||||||||||
Did not hear about family planning in the media (radio/TV/newspaper) | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
Heard about family planning in the media (radio/TV/newspaper) | 1.453 | 34.34 | 0.00 | 1.422 | 1.484 | 1.383 | 29.52 | 0.00 | 1.353 | 1.413 | 1.383 | 29.52 | 0.00 | 1.353 | 1.413 |
Did not hear about family planning from health worker | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
Heard about family planning from health worker | 1.711 | 46.71 | 0.00 | 1.673 | 1.750 | 1.690 | 45.43 | 0.00 | 1.653 | 1.729 | 1.691 | 45.43 | 0.00 | 1.653 | 1.729 |
Polygamy | |||||||||||||||
Only wife | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
First wife | 0.827 | -10.99 | 0.00 | 0.799 | 0.855 | 0.870 | -7.94 | 0.00 | 0.841 | 0.900 | 0.870 | -7.93 | 0.00 | 0.841 | 0.900 |
Second wife | 0.848 | -8.12 | 0.00 | 0.815 | 0.882 | 0.881 | -6.20 | 0.00 | 0.847 | 0.917 | 0.882 | -6.18 | 0.00 | 0.847 | 0.918 |
Third or higher wife/does not know rank/rank not available | 0.998 | -0.09 | 0.93 | 0.952 | 1.046 | 1.028 | 1.12 | 0.26 | 0.980 | 1.078 | 1.028 | 1.13 | 0.26 | 0.980 | 1.078 |
Co-residence with husband | |||||||||||||||
Does not reside with husband | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
Resides with husband | 1.597 | 31.77 | 0.00 | 1.551 | 1.644 | 1.649 | 33.11 | 0.00 | 1.601 | 1.698 | 1.649 | 33.11 | 0.00 | 1.601 | 1.699 |
Husband’s education | |||||||||||||||
No education | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
Primary education | 1.668 | 34.04 | 0.00 | 1.620 | 1.718 | 1.438 | 23.39 | 0.00 | 1.395 | 1.482 | 1.438 | 23.39 | 0.00 | 1.395 | 1.482 |
Secondary education | 2.134 | 46.54 | 0.00 | 2.067 | 2.203 | 1.615 | 27.70 | 0.00 | 1.561 | 1.671 | 1.615 | 27.70 | 0.00 | 1.562 | 1.671 |
Tertiary education | 2.532 | 41.13 | 0.00 | 2.423 | 2.647 | 1.740 | 22.32 | 0.00 | 1.658 | 1.827 | 1.740 | 22.32 | 0.00 | 1.658 | 1.827 |
Does not know husband’s education | 1.343 | 7.67 | 0.00 | 1.245 | 1.448 | 1.361 | 7.96 | 0.00 | 1.262 | 1.468 | 1.361 | 7.96 | 0.00 | 1.262 | 1.469 |
Type of place of residence | |||||||||||||||
Rural | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
Urban | 1.500 | 29.30 | 0.00 | 1.460 | 1.541 | 1.376 | 22.68 | 0.00 | 1.338 | 1.414 | 1.376 | 22.68 | 0.00 | 1.338 | 1.414 |
Country | |||||||||||||||
Benin | 1.992 | 8.88 | 0.00 | 1.711 | 2.320 | 3.173 | 12.30 | 0.00 | 2.640 | 3.815 | 3.170 | 12.28 | 0.00 | 2.637 | 3.810 |
Burkina Faso | 2.373 | 10.89 | 0.00 | 2.031 | 2.772 | 4.084 | 14.86 | 0.00 | 3.392 | 4.917 | 4.080 | 14.85 | 0.00 | 3.389 | 4.912 |
Burundi | 2.315 | 10.61 | 0.00 | 1.982 | 2.703 | 3.457 | 12.99 | 0.00 | 2.867 | 4.169 | 3.452 | 12.97 | 0.00 | 2.863 | 4.163 |
Cameroon | 2.504 | 11.85 | 0.00 | 2.151 | 2.914 | 3.445 | 13.27 | 0.00 | 2.870 | 4.136 | 3.441 | 13.26 | 0.00 | 2.866 | 4.131 |
Chad | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
Cote d’Ivoire | 2.531 | 9.65 | 0.00 | 2.095 | 3.056 | 4.058 | 12.82 | 0.00 | 3.276 | 5.027 | 4.052 | 12.81 | 0.00 | 3.271 | 5.020 |
Democratic Republic of the Congo | 1.766 | 6.05 | 0.00 | 1.469 | 2.123 | 2.367 | 7.87 | 0.00 | 1.910 | 2.934 | 2.365 | 7.86 | 0.00 | 1.908 | 2.931 |
Ethiopia | 5.878 | 20.43 | 0.00 | 4.959 | 6.966 | 8.536 | 21.17 | 0.00 | 6.999 | 10.411 | 8.530 | 21.16 | 0.00 | 6.994 | 10.403 |
Gabon | 1.556 | 3.60 | 0.00 | 1.223 | 1.980 | 2.004 | 5.17 | 0.00 | 1.540 | 2.608 | 2.002 | 5.16 | 0.00 | 1.538 | 2.606 |
Gambia | 1.479 | 4.49 | 0.00 | 1.247 | 1.755 | 2.059 | 7.15 | 0.00 | 1.689 | 2.510 | 2.057 | 7.14 | 0.00 | 1.687 | 2.507 |
Ghana | 2.103 | 9.42 | 0.00 | 1.802 | 2.454 | 2.901 | 11.22 | 0.00 | 2.409 | 3.494 | 2.899 | 11.21 | 0.00 | 2.407 | 3.491 |
Guinea | 1.815 | 6.48 | 0.00 | 1.516 | 2.174 | 2.920 | 10.18 | 0.00 | 2.376 | 3.589 | 2.917 | 10.17 | 0.00 | 2.373 | 3.585 |
Kenya | 7.172 | 26.98 | 0.00 | 6.216 | 8.276 | 9.206 | 24.70 | 0.00 | 7.719 | 10.979 | 9.200 | 24.69 | 0.00 | 7.714 | 10.972 |
Lesotho | 10.512 | 29.89 | 0.00 | 9.009 | 12.266 | 12.481 | 26.80 | 0.00 | 10.377 | 15.012 | 12.464 | 26.79 | 0.00 | 10.364 | 14.991 |
Liberia | 0.829 | -1.97 | 0.05 | 0.689 | 0.999 | 1.242 | 1.89 | 0.06 | 0.993 | 1.554 | 1.241 | 1.89 | 0.06 | 0.991 | 1.553 |
Madagascar | 6.481 | 22.58 | 0.00 | 5.510 | 7.622 | 8.073 | 21.37 | 0.00 | 6.665 | 9.778 | 8.074 | 21.37 | 0.00 | 6.666 | 9.779 |
Malawi | 7.081 | 27.58 | 0.00 | 6.161 | 8.138 | 10.026 | 25.97 | 0.00 | 8.425 | 11.932 | 10.014 | 25.95 | 0.00 | 8.414 | 11.917 |
Mali | 2.189 | 9.72 | 0.00 | 1.869 | 2.563 | 3.509 | 13.20 | 0.00 | 2.912 | 4.228 | 3.505 | 13.19 | 0.00 | 2.909 | 4.224 |
Mozambique | 1.726 | 6.48 | 0.00 | 1.463 | 2.036 | 2.446 | 9.00 | 0.00 | 2.013 | 2.972 | 2.444 | 8.99 | 0.00 | 2.011 | 2.969 |
Namibia | 8.849 | 24.83 | 0.00 | 7.449 | 10.511 | 9.166 | 21.11 | 0.00 | 7.462 | 11.260 | 9.152 | 21.09 | 0.00 | 7.450 | 11.242 |
Niger | 4.403 | 15.86 | 0.00 | 3.666 | 5.289 | 6.988 | 18.29 | 0.00 | 5.673 | 8.606 | 6.978 | 18.27 | 0.00 | 5.665 | 8.595 |
Nigeria | 1.864 | 8.27 | 0.00 | 1.608 | 2.160 | 2.479 | 9.93 | 0.00 | 2.072 | 2.965 | 2.476 | 9.92 | 0.00 | 2.070 | 2.962 |
Rwanda | 6.020 | 24.94 | 0.00 | 5.228 | 6.933 | 8.077 | 23.27 | 0.00 | 6.773 | 9.630 | 8.067 | 23.25 | 0.00 | 6.766 | 9.619 |
Senegal | 3.895 | 17.54 | 0.00 | 3.346 | 4.534 | 6.161 | 19.59 | 0.00 | 5.136 | 7.390 | 6.155 | 19.58 | 0.00 | 5.131 | 7.384 |
Sierra Leone | 1.606 | 5.88 | 0.00 | 1.371 | 1.880 | 2.482 | 9.51 | 0.00 | 2.058 | 2.994 | 2.481 | 9.51 | 0.00 | 2.057 | 2.992 |
Tanzania | 5.633 | 21.55 | 0.00 | 4.813 | 6.592 | 7.689 | 21.42 | 0.00 | 6.380 | 9.267 | 7.681 | 21.40 | 0.00 | 6.373 | 9.258 |
Uganda | 3.159 | 14.88 | 0.00 | 2.715 | 3.676 | 4.220 | 15.33 | 0.00 | 3.511 | 5.073 | 4.215 | 15.32 | 0.00 | 3.506 | 5.066 |
Zambia | 6.274 | 24.45 | 0.00 | 5.416 | 7.269 | 7.968 | 22.49 | 0.00 | 6.650 | 9.548 | 7.958 | 22.48 | 0.00 | 6.641 | 9.536 |
Zimbabwe | 18.056 | 39.11 | 0.00 | 15.619 | 20.873 | 20.871 | 33.20 | 0.00 | 17.444 | 24.970 | 20.853 | 33.19 | 0.00 | 17.429 | 24.951 |
Constant | 0.004 | -49.71 | 0.00 | 0.003 | 0.005 | 0.003 | -47.03 | 0.00 | 0.002 | 0.003 | 0.003 | -45.21 | 0.00 | 0.002 | 0.003 |
Sample size | 478,193 | 478,193 | 478,193 | ||||||||||||